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Coal Measures and Coal Mining in Iowa, including paleontology and a discussion on the coal formation; also the methods of mining by Russell T. Hartman, 1898

Coal Measures and Coal Mining in Iowa by Russell T. Hartman, 1898, Page 40

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[page]39.[/page] of coal belong in reality to the Des Moines stage. The plant remains in the coal measures indicate a time of humid conditions and a warm climate. The chief plants found are ferns, lycopods, and equisitae. Tree ferns were in abundance. The lycopods found are huge lepidodendrons and [?sigillanas?]. These all belong to the sub-kingdom Pteridophyta. This sub-kingdom includes those spore-bearing plants which in reproduction show alternation of generations, and [inserted]which[/inserted] possess fibro-vascular tissues. There were also present in the carboniferous world some plants of the sub-kingdom Spermaphyta, which includes the flowering or seed bearing plants. Those found in the coal measures are "gym-
 
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