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Coal Measures and Coal Mining in Iowa, including paleontology and a discussion on the coal formation; also the methods of mining by Russell T. Hartman, 1898

Coal Measures and Coal Mining in Iowa by Russell T. Hartman, 1898, Page 176

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[page]175.[/page] Usually the coal is underlain by fireclay and overlain by shale, but this shale occurs at places where there is no coal. Sometimes it is grey sometimes black and carbonaceous. It may be or may not be fossiliferous. In some places, however, the roof of the coal may be of sand or gravel or of clay ironstones. It is a popular idea among miners, and many mine operators that there are always three "veins" (beds) of coal and no more. But many have found by costly experience that in places there is but one seam. They have drilled even two or three hundred feet into bed rock, sometimes through the Saint Louis and into the Augusta limestone, far below all coal measure deposits, in quest of the third "vein" which they thought would
 
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